- UNDERSTANDING ZAKAT
In terms of language comes from
the word zakat زكا ـ زكو ـ زكاء ـ زكوا who has a clear meaning,
shodaqoh, and purify something.
1
Kifayatu Akhyar While in the book, the language of
charity has evolved dengai meaning (Nam'u), increased (Barakah), and katsrotul
Khoir. 2
But in most of the books of
jurisprudence, zakat is identical in the same lafadz mean by clean and pure. Zakat is said pure
and clean because it has a function as a cleaner for removing property zakat (Muzzaky)
by delivering to the right (Mustahiq Zakat). 3
While the term, zakat means in
accordance with the opinion of the scholars below:
According to Shaykh al-Malibary
Zaenuddin and among scholars Syafiiyah:
اسم لما يجرج عن مال مخصوص على وجه مخصوص
- LEGAL BASIS
Zakat is one of the pillars of
Islam, and became one of the key elements for the establishment of Islamic law. Therefore the law
of zakat is compulsory (fard) upon every Muslim who has met certain
conditions. Zakat is included in the
category of worship (such as prayer, pilgrimage, and fasting) that have been
regulated in detail and are mutlaq based on the Quran and Sunnah. Similarly, zakat is a social charity and humanity that
can develop in accordance with the development of mankind.
- Al-Quran
The word zakah in the form ma'rifah
(definition) is called thirty times in the Koran, of which twenty-seven times
in one paragraph mentioned along with prayer, and only one mentioned in the
same prayer but not in one paragraph, namely His words: "and those who
fiat in regular charity ...", after: "A special people in
prayer ...".
When checked the thirty times
mentioned that zakat, eight contained in the letters that go down in
Mecca and the rest fell in Medina. 4
- Surat At-Tawbah: 103
It means: "Take alms from
their wealth, the charity that you cleanse and purify them and pray for them. Surely prayer
you that (a) peace for their souls. and
Allah is Hearing, Knowing. "
About understanding the meaning
of clean and purify, Joseph Qordhowi Mengutif expression given by Ibn Taymiyyah
who mengetakan that "the soul of the tithe was clean and the net wealth
will anyway". 5 Therefore
pensyariakan Islamic zakat, to treasure what we eat and wear in senantisa
purity and cleanliness.
- Surat Al-Baqarah: 43
It means: "And establish
prayer, pay Zakat and ruku'lah with those who bow."
In a commentary Shofwah, Imam Ali
Ashobuni suggests that the verse as basic obligation we must meet, namely his
prayers, practice regular charity, and prayer in congregation. 6
- A s-Sunnah
- HR-Bukhari, Muslim
بُني الإسلام على خمس: شهادة أن لا
إله إلا الله وأن محمدا رسول
الله، وإقام الصلاة، وإيتاء الزكاة، وصوم رمضان، وحج البيت
"Islam is built on five foundation:
the Creed that there is no god but Allah, and Muhammad the messenger Alah,
establish prayer, give charity, fasting Ramadhan and Hajj."
In the Hadith, explained that was
one of the five pillars of Islam where Islam will not erect a building without
it. 7
- HR-Bukhari, Muslim
قوله صــلم لمـعاذ رضي الله عنه ما و
جهــه الى اليمن فاعلمــهم ان الله افتــرض عليهم صـدقة تؤخذ من اغنيائهم فترد على
فقرائهم
It means: "when Rasululah
He sent Muadh to Yemen, then he said to him: Give out their (pendududuk Yemen)
that God requires them to give charity are drawn from the rich give to the
poor" 8
- THREAT TO PEOPLE WHO REMOVED THE RELUCTANT ZAKAT
- Al-Qur 'an
- Surat At-Taubah: 35-36
وَالَّذِينَ يَكْنِزُونَ الذَّهَبَ
وَالْفِضَّةَ وَلاَ يُنفِقُونَهَا
فِي سَبِيلِ اللّهِ فَبَشِّرْهُم بِعَذَابٍ أَلِيمٍ يَوْمَ يُحْمَى عَلَيْهَا
فِي نَارِ جَهَنَّمَ فَتُكْوَى بِهَا جِبَاهُهُمْ وَجُنوبُهُمْ وَظُهُورُهُمْ
هَـذَا مَا كَنَزْتُمْ لأَنفُسِكُمْ فَذُوقُواْ مَا كُنتُمْ تَكْنِزُونَ
It means: "And those who
keep the gold and silver and do not menafkahkannya in the way of Allah, then
Tell them, (that they will get) a painful punishment, on the day of the gold
and silver were heated in the Fire jahannam, and burned with their foreheads,
stomach and back them (and said) to them: "This is that you store your
things for yourselves, so taste now (due to) what you save it." (QS:
At-Tawbah: 34.35).
2.
QS Ali Imran
وَلاَ يَحْسَبَنَّ
الَّذِينَ يَبْخَلُونَ بِمَا آتَاهُمُ اللّهُ مِن فَضْلِهِ هُوَ خَيْراً
لَّهُمْ بَلْ هُوَ شَرٌّ لَّهُمْ سَيُطَوَّقُونَ مَا بَخِلُواْ بِهِ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ
It means: "And let not
those hunks with treasures that God has given them of His grace thought that
was good for their stinginess. Stinginess is
actually bad for them. Property that
they would be worn bakhilkan later in his neck on the Day of Resurrection.
"(Surah Ali Imran: 180)
- As-Sunnah
ما من صاحب ذهب ولا فضة لا
يؤدي حقها إلا إذا كان يوم القيامة صفحت له صفائح من نار فأٌحمي عليها في نار
جهنم، فيُكوى
بها جنبه وجبينه وظهره، كلما بردت أٌعيدت له في يوم كان مقداره خمسين ألف ما من
صاحب ذهب ولا فضة لا يؤدي حقها إلا
إذا كان يوم القيامة صُفحت له صفائح من نار سنة، حتى يقضى بين العباد فيرى سبيله،
إما إلى الجنة، وإما إلى النار
It means: "It is not the
owner of gold or silver that does not fulfill their zakat, except on the Day of
Resurrection will be spread out for him metal plates of the fire, and burned to
him or her forehead, lambaung and back, each time the plate is heated again on
a cold day fifty thousand years hitunganya , until he decided the case
hamaba-servant, he saw his net, whether to heaven or to hell.
ما من صاحب ذهب ولا
فضة لا يؤدي حقها إلا
إذا كان يوم القيامة صُفحت له صفائح من نار.....
"It is not the owner of gold or silver
that did not fulfill their zakat, except on the Day of Resurrection will be at
her spread sheet metal from hell ..." 9
- HISTORY ZAKAT
In Islam, there are two malls
zakat ie Zakat and alms an-Nafs (zakat Fitrah). As for Zakat Mal,
beginning difardukannya the Apostle emigrated to Medina before or when the
apostles were still in Mecca. However, the
charity when it is not specified levels and size. Beditupun about any property that must dizakati. Personality 'only menuruh to mngeluarkan charity. And it runs until the year-2 Hijriyyah, and recipient of
charity when it is only specific to the indigent and the poor alone.
In the second year Hijriyyah (623
M), then the Personality 'determine dizakatkan treasures, as well as their
respective levels. Therefore, there are some scholars who claim that the
zakat difardukan in year-2 Hijriyyah, as well as the recipients are still two
classes only, the homeless and destitute. In
accordance with the letter al-Baqarah: 271.
Pembagia the two groups lasted
until the ninth Hijriyyah know until tuun mustahiq paragraph relating to zakat
(Surat al-Tawbah: 60).
While an-Nafs zakat or better
known as zakat fitri, it started in the compulsory in year-2 Hijriyyah, when
the Prophet announced before the companions of some Islamic obligations. And among those
obligations is difardukannya Fitr Zakat / alms an-Nafs. 10
- DISTRIBUTION ZAKAT
Mentioned in the Book of
Kifayatul Akhyar bahwasannya zakat is divided into two parts. First, charity is
associated with loss or collectively, the zakat fitrah. Secondly, is associated with wealth zakat or zakat maal.
11
Both zakat will be explained in
the next pembahsan.
- TERMS AND ARTICLE OF ZAKAT
- Terms and Pillars Zakat Mal
There are several requirements
that must be met in zakat liability issues, particularly with regard to charity
mall. The existing requirement relating to Muzakki
(people who spend zakat) and have about the property.
- In connection with Muzakki (people who spend zakat):
- Islam
- Independence. 12
In this issue, children and
people crazy if they have property and meet the existing pillars syaratdan, it
still remains subject to zakat which will be issued by the guardian. This opinion is
the strongest opinion and voted on by the majority of scholars. 13
- Issued relating to the property:
- The property is owned completely
Owners
of real property which is actually Allah as mentioned in a paragraph:
...آَمِنُوا بِاللَّهِ
وَرَسُولِهِ وَأَنْفِقُوا مِمَّا جَعَلَكُمْ مُسْتَخْلَفِينَ فِيهِ فَالَّذِينَ
آَمَنُوا مِنْكُمْ وَأَنْفَقُوا لَهُمْ أَجْرٌ كَبِيرٌ
It means: "Believe in
Allah and His Messenger and spend most of the treasure that God has made you master it. But those who
believe among you and spend (in part) of his wealth gained a great reward. "(Surat Al Hadiid: 7)
Al
Qurtubi explains, "This verse is an argument that property essentially
belongs to God. Servants can not have anything but what God ridhoi.
Anyone who menginfakkan wealth in Allah's way as
well as someone who spend someone else's property with his permission, then he
will be rewarded in abundance and very much. " 14
Property
essentially belongs to God has been authorized in humans. So the man who was
given the property is currently regarded as the holder of the mandate of the
property that essentially belongs to God.
While
the definition of terms here is a treasure that belongs in the hands of the
individual and not related to the rights of others, or property are channeled
his own choice and the benefits of the asset can he obtained. 15
From
this description, then timbulah a question whether the accounts were exposed to
charity? Correct opinion in this case, accounts can be broken down
into two types:
First,
the receivables are expected to be paid as owed to the person who is able to
restore. Such receivables are clear zakat, redeemable immediately
issued to the property owned by each haul (per year).
Second, receivables that
can hardly be expected to be paid because the person owed the repayment difficult. Such receivables
are not subject to zakat until the debt repaid. 16
- The property is a growing wealth
Is
meant here is the property comes with advantages and benefits to the owner or
the property itself is growing by itself. Therefore, the
scholars divide the property into two kinds: (a) property which develops
essential (quantity), such as trading assets and animal breeding ternah
results, (b) the property is developed takdiri (quality).
The definition of these terms is
the words of the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam,
لَيْسَ عَلَى الْمُسْلِمِ
صَدَقَةٌ فِى عَبْدِهِ وَلاَ فَرَسِهِ
"A Muslim is not subject to the obligation of zakat on the
slave and his horse." (Narrated by al-Bukhari, no. 1464)
Muwafaqoh
understand from this hadith, there is no zakat on the wealth that is stored for
basic necessities such as food are stored, vehicles, and homes. Therefore, the
property must be developed. 17
- The property has reached nishob
Nishab
is the minimal size of a property subject to zakat. For each property
shall be subject to zakat will be described later.
- Has reached the haul (the property persist for a year)
This
means that the property is subject to zakat has reached a period of one year or
12 months of AH. This requirement applies to zakat on currencies and
livestock. As for the charity of agriculture
there is no requirement haul, but the charity of agriculture panen.Harta is
issued each time an excess of basic needs. 18
- MAL ZAKAT
The property must dizakati and
nisabnya are as follows:
- Animal Husbandry
'Illat of cattle is nisab
and growing. Thus, all livestock for
diperkembangbiakkan and have been obliged to pay zakat nisab. Abu Hanifah using this qiyas, because it not only
to camels, goats and sheep but also require the charity to the horse. And the horse owners may choose between paying one dinar
for every horse or the horse menghargakan and pay 5 (five) coin from the
treasure horse.
Other
scholars do not require zakat this horse, because on the basis of word of the
Prophet Muhammad, "Muslims are not obliged to menzakati servants and
horses." (Abu Dawud)
This
opinion is refuted that the tradition is for the horses that used its power,
not farmed, as well as cattle that are employed are not subject to zakat. "There is
no zakat on the cow is done." (Abu
Dawud). 19
In
animal husbandry, animals are required dizakati camels, cows, buffaloes and
goats.
- Camel
Prophet's camel zakat obligations
described in the hadith of Anas ra. According to the
history of al-Bukhari that the Prophet's words convey a meaning, "Every
24 camels or less, then zakat a she-goat. For every five camels, if the amount is 25 to 35 tail, the tail
zakatnya one child 1-2 years old she-camel or one camel male pups aged 3-4
years; if the amount is 36 tails and 45 tails, 46 to 60 tail zakatnya camel,
zakat is a 3-4 year old female camel. " 20
Number (tail)
|
Alms
|
5-9
10-14 15-19 20-24 25-35 36-45 45-60 61-75 76-90 91-120 |
1 goats/sheep (a)
2 goats/sheep
3 goats/sheep
4 goats/sheep
1 chamels bintu Makhad (b)
1 chamels bintu Labun (c)
1 chamels Hiqah (d)
1 chamels Jadz'ah (e)
2 chamels bintu Labun (c)
2 chamels Hiqah (d)
|
Description:
(A) Goat 2 years old or older, or sheep aged one year or more.
(B) 1 year old female camel, entered the second year
(A) Goat 2 years old or older, or sheep aged one year or more.
(B) 1 year old female camel, entered the second year
(C) camel 2 years, entered the
3rd year
(D) camel 3 years, entered the
4th year
(E) camel 4 years old, entered
the 5th year
Furthermore,
if any amount was increased 40 tail is a tail bintu zakatnya Labun increases,
and that number increases every 50 head, grow a tail Hiqah zakat.
- Cow and Buffalo
Nisab
|
Alms
|
Numbers
and types of zakat
|
Age
|
|
30-39
40-59
60-69
70- ...
|
1 tail
or a buffalo calf
1 tail
or a buffalo calf
2 tail
or a buffalo calf
1 tail
or a buffalo calf
1 tail
or a buffalo calf
|
1 more year
2 years
1 more year
2
years
|
Furthermore
each of the 30 head of cattle or buffalo tails zakatnya a buffalo calves aged 1
year or more. And every 40 head of cattle or buffalo, zakatnya a cow or
bull pups aged 2 years.
- Zakat Goat
Nisab
|
Alms
|
Numbers
and types of zakat
|
Age
|
|
40-120
121-200
201-399
400- ...
|
1 male
goats or
1 female
sheep
2 male
goats or
2 female
sheep
3 male
goats or
3 female
sheep
4 male
goats or
4 female
sheep
|
2 years, 1 year more
2 years, 1 year more
2 years, 1 year more
2 years, 1 year more
|
- Poultry (chickens, ducks, birds, etc.) and the Fisheries
Nishab
in poultry and fisheries are not applicable based on the number (tail), as well
as cows, and goats. But calculated on the scale.
Nishab
poultry and fisheries are the equivalent of 20 dinars (1 dinar = 4.25 grams of
pure gold) or equal to 85 grams of gold. This means that if
a poultry farm or fishery, and at the end of the year (closed book) he has a
wealth of working capital and profits is greater than or equal to 85 grams of
pure gold, then he is exposed to the obligation of zakat at 2.5%
Example:
A
broiler breeder chickens to maintain 1000 per week, at the end of the year
(closing) the financial statements are as follows:
Rp
15,000,000
USD 10,000,000 Rp 2.000.000 Rp 4,000,000 |
|
Number
|
USD
31 million
|
5. Debt
that is due
|
Rp
5,000,000
|
Balance
|
Rp26.000.000
|
Large Zakat = 2.5% x
Rp.26.000.000, - = Rp 650.000
Note:
- Stables and farm tools are not counted as assets that must dizakati.
- Nishab amount of 85 grams of pure gold, if it is @ USD 25,000.00 USD 25,000.00 x 85 = USD 2,125,000.00
- Gold and Silver
Gem
when traded goods subject to zakat tijarahnya. According to Abu
Zahra must dizakati and valued in money.
Property
is in a state that zakat levied on owners of mortgaged property, because the
pawned goods remain the property of the pawn.
Goods
that are in dispute or in the lawsuit, the judgment of hakimlah which it
defined, which is required zakat is won by the judge in the lawsuit. Similarly, houses
for rent, then rent the house was an attempt to get the results, which shall
also be subject to zakat. 22
Zakat
of gold and silver that is if the time had quite a year and has reached the
size of its gold while the silver as much as 96 grams of 672 grams or more, and
each zakat 2.5%. 23
Example:
A person has saved property as
follows:
USD 5 million
$ 2 million 100 grams USD 1.5 million |
Gold
or other jewelry that is not mandatory unless dizakati remainder of the maximum
amount of jewelry is appropriate. If you like the
person wearing the jewelry up to 60 grams a mandatory dizakati the rest of the
jewelry is just 60 grams.
Thus the number of the person's
property, as follows:
|
3.Jewelry (10-60) g @ Rp
25,000
|
Rp5.000.000
Rp2.000.000 $ 1,000,000 |
Number
|
USD 8,000,000
|
Debt
|
Rp 1,500,000
|
Balance
|
Rp 6.500.000
|
Great charity = 2.5% x Rp
6.500.000 = Rp 163 500, -
Note:
Calculation of the property must
be done every year dizakati in the same month.
- Seeds and Fruits
The
alms of food has been described in the Quran that tells Muslims to issue a
charity for any results released from the earth like fruits and herbs.
"And it was he who made the gardens and are not
berjunjung berjunjung, palm trees, the plants were a variety of fruit, olives
and pomegranates similar (shape and color) and not the same (it seems). eat of the
fruit (a variety of it) if he is to bear fruit, and pay on the day of harvest
rights (with the wherewithal to the poor), and do not exaggerate. Surely Allah loves not the extravagant. "(Surat
Al-An` am: 141)
This
verse reinforces the charity to all the earth, and then removed as much as 10%
when fed with rain water or river in an easy way. But zakat is only
5% when fed with water that is purchased or the use of wages. 24
Scholarly
opinion about the treasure that must be in zakati:
- Abu Hanifah, require zakat on all crops / fruits in the form of dates or other fruits.
- Abu Yusuf and Muhammad ibn al-Hasan, Zakah obligatory only on fruits that can hold a single year.
- Asy Syafi 'i, zakat is only required on the palm fruit and grape.
- Hanabilah believes that charity is only required for the plants asa proportion, specified levels, can be stored dry and good old staple foods or not.
Abu
Hanifah holds generally hadith, "The plants are fed by rain water and
spring water or sucking on the roots, which flows through zakat tenth and
twentieth-mill zakat." The Ash-Shafi'i, Muhammad ibn Hasan and Abu
Yusuf berhujjah with the hadith, "There is no zakat in
vegetables."
Abu
Hanifah does not require the charity to the grass, but when the grass was
intentionally planted and produced shall also be paid zakat.
When
the vegetables were traded, then the obligatory zakat from the vegetable trade. In this case can
actually be viewed from another aspect that is the subject of legal terms,
whether as producers or as merchants or as a producer and trader.
With
advances in technology and science requirements and long-lasting dry can
be met. 25
- Commerce
Commercial
property, whether engaged in trade, industry, agro-industry, or service,
managed by individuals and business entities (such as PT, CV, Foundation,
Cooperatives, etc.) nishabnya is 20 dinars (the equivalent of pure gold 85gram). This means that if
a business entity at the end of the year (closed book) has the property
(danuntung working capital) is greater than or equal to 85 grams of gold (if
pergram Rp 25,000, - = Rp 2.125 million, -), it shall issue a charity of 2 ,
5%.
On
the form of business entity shirkah (cooperation), then if all the members
shirkah religion of Islam, zakat first issued before distributed to the parties
that bersyirkah. But if there are members who shirkah non-Muslims, then
zakat is only removed from the only Muslim member shirkah (if more than nishab
julahnya).
How to calculate zakat:
Property
owned enterprises will not be separated from one or more of the following three
forms:
- Wealth in the form of goods
- Cash
- Receivables
Then
it is a commercial property that must dizakati is to be paid (maturity) and
taxes.
Example:
A furniture company to close the
books as of January 1995 with the following circumstances:
|
2.Cash
3. Receivables
|
USD 10,000,000
Rp 15,000,000 Rp 2.000.000 |
Number
|
USD 27 million
|
Debt and Taxes
|
USD 7 million
|
Balance
|
Rp 20,000,000
|
Great charity = 2.5% x Rp
20.000.000, - = Rp 500.000, -
On
commercial property, investment of capital in the form of land and buildings or
cabinets, windows in shops, etc., not including property that must dizakati
included into the category of goods for a fixed (not growing)
Businesses
engaged in services, such as hospitality, apartment rental, taxi, renal car,
bus / truck, ship, aircraft, etc., then zakat removed can be selected between 2
(two) ways:
- At the end of the calculation (closed book), all corporate assets are calculated, including the goods (property)-producing services, such as hotels, taxis, boats, etc., and remove the zakat 2, 5%.
- At the end of calculation (closed book), simply calculated from the net proceeds obtained by the business for one year, then spent 10% zakat. This diqiyaskan with agricultural zakat calculation, which zakat calculation based only on the farm, do not count the price of land.
- Rikaz (buried treasure)
Rikaz
is gold and silver are planted in the ground. 26
According
to some scholars, rikaz, which is a treasure that was found after a
hidden past. And, rikaz ie all
objects newly discovered mines on land or at sea.
We
must spend 20% of zakat rikas we find, when we found it.
- Mine results
Mine
if the results until one nisab, shall be issued at that time also zakat of
2.5%.
- Zakat Profession
- Legal Basis
Allah SWT says:
"....... And the treasures
they have the right to ask poor people and poor people that can not be part ... (Surah Adh
Dzariyat: 19)
Allah SWT says:
"O ye who believe!
Infaqkanlah (zakat) from yourselves some of the good." (Surah Al
Baqarah 267)
Hadith of the Prophet SAW:
"If charity mingled with
other property so that he would destroy property" (Narrated by Al
Bazar and Baehaqi)
- Professional Results
Results
profession (civil servants / private sector, consultants, doctors, notaries,
etc.) is a source of income (Kasab) is not widely known in the salaf
(early generations), and therefore form Kasab is not widely discussed,
especially relating to "zakat" . Kasab is different
with a more popular form of time, such as agriculture, animal husbandry and
commerce, a portion of a very adequate discussion and detail. Even so it does not mean the property is obtained from
the free profession of charity, because charity is essentially levies property
taken from the rich to distribute to poor people diantra them (in accordance
with the provisions of Personality '). Thus
if a person with the profession he became rich, then Zakat is compulsory on
their wealth, but if the results are not sufficient to support life (and
family), then it becomes mustahiq (zakat recipients). If the result was simply to cover the necessities of
life, or much less so for him not obligatory zakat. Necessities of life in question is a basic requirement,
ie, shelter, clothing, food and cost required for their profession.
Zakat
is not recognized profession in the realm of Islamic scholarship, while the
profession in the form of property can be categorized into the Zakat wealth
(savings / wealth). Thus the profession if the person has complied with the
obligatory zakat obligatory upon him to give charity.
Example:
|
has a wife and 2 children. Net
monthly income of Rp. 1.500.000, -. When
the family's basic needs Rp.625.000 per month less than the excess of his
income = (1500000-625000) = Rp. 975 000
per month.
If the average monthly balance
of 975 000 the amount of wealth that can be collected within one year is Rp. 11.700.00
(more than nishab).
Akbar thus liable to pay zakat
at 2.5% of the balance.
|
In
this respect Zakah is payable monthly at 2.5% of the monthly balance, or 2.5%
of the annual balance.
- Other Zakat Zakat Mal-Related
- Stocks and Bonds
In
essence both stock and bonds (as well as bank certificate) is a form of wealth
storage potential to grow.
By karenannya into the category of property that
must dizakati, when it has reached nishabnya. Zakat
at 2.5% of the cumulative value of the real rather than nominal value written
on stocks or bonds, and zakat is paid each year.
Example:
- Sweepstakes and prize quiz
Property
obtained from the lottery or prize quiz is one of the causes of property
ownership are identified by finding treasure (rikaz). Therefore, if the
results meet the criteria of zakat, obligatory maa dizakati sebasar 20% (1/5)
Example:
- Proceeds from sale of home (property) or eviction
Property
obtained from the sale of the house (property) or eviction, can be categorized
into two kinds:
- Home sales are due to the need, including forced evictions, the proceeds (eviction) first used to satisfy what they need. If the result of the sale (eviction) minus assets still exceeds the required amount he is obliged nishab zakat at 2.5% of the excess of the asset.
Example:
- Home sales (properties) that are not based on need and he is obliged to pay zakat at 2.5% of the sale.
- Tithes
Obligated tithe saw Rosulullah
when Eid after Ramadan, Abdullah bin Amr ra said: Rosulullah made it compulsory tithes after
ramadan over bondsmen, free, men, women, small and large of the Muslims
"(HR: Bukhari, Muslim) .
However, Maliki quote from asyhab
that the tithe is a voluntary legal muakkad it. 27
Issued is a sho 'staple food,
then it should not tithe to the dirham, livestock, clothing or animal feed and
other items, because menyelisihi Rosulullah command of Allah:
من عمل عملاً ليس
عليه أمرنا فهو رد
"Those who do not practice
any of our orders, he rejected"
The size of the sho 'is equal to
two pounds and forty grams of good wheat (2.40 kg), it is a measure of the
Prophet gram which he set on tithes 28 .
Imam Shafi'i said: wheat germ is
not removed their zakat but one sha 'alone. According to the
sunnah of Prophet, tithes are a staple food commonly eaten by man, the food
should be issued as zakat fitrah is the food most often eaten one. If someone gets a loan in the form of food from others,
then the loan is discharged on the eve of Ramadhan, then he is not obliged to
issue a tithe.
Opinion of the illustrious Shafi
tithes that are required to submit to the class of persons eligible to receive
zakat is an eight Asnaf. They must be given this part of the flat. And this school dalah Hazm. If
the zakat fitrah is shared by yourself, then gugurlah the officers, because it
does not exist and fall are the converts because their business was handed over
to the authorities.
Indeed, charity is charity, is just for poor people, poor people,
officials, administrators zakat, the mu'allaf who persuaded her to (freeing) of
slaves, the people are indebted, for the cause of Allah and for those who was
on his way, as a statute that required Allah, and Allah is knowing, Wise. (QS. At-Taubat:60)
The terms must include zakat fitrah is: Islam, was born
before the sun sets on the final day of the month Ramadan. People
born after sunset is not obliged to pay tithes of property and has the
advantage of the needs food for himself and for the mandatory living.
- The time required to tithe is when the sun goes down at night feast. Namu no obstacle if paid before, while he remains in the month of fasting. Some time and pay the zakat fitrah law, among others:
- The time allowed, namely: from the beginning of Ramadan until the final days of Ramadan.
- When required, namely: the sun began to set efflux Ramadan.
- The time is better, ie: paid leave after the morning prayer before the holiday prayers.
- Time makruh, ie: pay Fitr prayers after the holidays, but before the sun goes down at the feast.
- Time is more haram late again, that is: paid after sunset at the feast.
Berfitrah with money for food, according to the Shafi'i
madhhab should not be, because that was something that required filling. In
the Hanafi school of no impediment, because the nature of the rights of the
poor, to cover their livelihood, with food and may be with money, it all makes
no difference.
In tithes pemmbagian opinions of artifacts, namely:
·
The opinions shared on asnaf mewjibkan in the eighth,
with a mean of these is the famous opinion of the Shafi'i group.
·
Opinions are allowed to share in the eight and
mengkhususkanya asnaf to needy groups. It
is the opinion jumhur, because zakat zakat fitrah is also, so it makes the
generality as the letter at-Taubah: 60
·
Requiring specialized opinion to people who are poor, it
is the opinion of Maliki's group, one of the opinions of Imam Ahmad, Ibn
strengthened by Qoyyim and his teacher, that Ibn Taymiyyah. This
opinion is also held by Imam Hadi and Abu Tholib Qashim, where they say that
the tithe was only given to the poor only, not to the other of the eight asnaf,
based on a hadith: "Zakat fitrah is to feed the people the poor. " And the
hadith: "they be satisfied at this feast."
·
MUSTAHIQ ZAKAT
Mustahik charity or person entitled to receive zakat
wealth (zakat mall) there are 8 asnaf (class) that is indigent, poor, 'amyl,
(officers zakat), converts qulubuhum (people who are new to Islam), riqab
(people who have been freed slave first-time),
ghorim (people who owe, those who strive in Allah lalan (fi sabilillh) and Ibn
sabil (yangdalam trip). Of the eight asnaf, which must take precedence is
homeless and destitute.
Usually defined as indigent people who do not haves
anything, nor work aka unemployment. While
the poor are able to make ends meet themselves and their families but
completely lack. Generally
alms are given to them konsuntif, which is to meet daily needs. 29
Class of recipients of zakat has been determined by God
in His Word At-Taubah: 60
Indeed, charity is charity, is just for poor people, poor people,
officials, administrators zakat, the mu'allaf who persuaded her to (freeing) of
slaves, the people are indebted, for the cause of Allah and for those who was
on his way, as a statute that required Allah, and Allah is knowing, Wise. (QS. At-Taubat:60)
The scholars
differed in this respect:
Can zakat is
given to only one class or 8 classes must be given to evenly? According to
Malik and Abu Hanifah, the authorities should mengkususkan receiving alms to
any one group or more if the situations and conditions.
2. According Syafi 'i zakat should not be left to a certain group, but must be paid to the 8 group as a whole as mentioned by Allah in the verse above. 30
Entitled to receive zakat:
• Fakir-Those who have hardly anything that can not meet the basic needs of life.
• Poor-People who own property but not enough to meet basic needs for life.
• Amil-Those who collect and distribute zakat.
• Muallaf-Those who are new to Islam and need assistance to adjust to new circumstances.
• Servant slave who wants to liberate itself
• Gharimin-Those who are indebted for lawful purposes and are not able to fulfill it.
• Fasibilillah those who fought street-gods (eg, propaganda, war, etc.)
• Ibn Sabil-cost kehabiasan their journey. 31
Prophet Muhammad, said:
2. According Syafi 'i zakat should not be left to a certain group, but must be paid to the 8 group as a whole as mentioned by Allah in the verse above. 30
Entitled to receive zakat:
• Fakir-Those who have hardly anything that can not meet the basic needs of life.
• Poor-People who own property but not enough to meet basic needs for life.
• Amil-Those who collect and distribute zakat.
• Muallaf-Those who are new to Islam and need assistance to adjust to new circumstances.
• Servant slave who wants to liberate itself
• Gharimin-Those who are indebted for lawful purposes and are not able to fulfill it.
• Fasibilillah those who fought street-gods (eg, propaganda, war, etc.)
• Ibn Sabil-cost kehabiasan their journey. 31
Prophet Muhammad, said:
امرت ان اخذ الصدقة
من اغنيائكم واردها على فقرائكم
It means: "I was ordered to take alms
from the rich among you all, for I give to the poor people among you" 32
10 . DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS ZAKAT
Zakat may be given to one asnaf 8. Narrated
by Nasa'i: "If the Zakat and quite a lot to share with 8 groups, then it
must be shared. However,
if inadequate, should be attributed only to one class. "
Imam Malik said: "Zakat should be prioritized to
groups most in need." (Ibn Qudama: Volume II).
Ziyad al-Harith bin Shuda'i, said which means:
"I come to see the Prophet Muhammad and berbait him.
Suddenly
a man came and said, give me alms giving! The
Prophet SAW said: Verily Allah does not willingly with other provisions of the
Prophet or the charity of God to decide for themselves on this issue. God then
gave alms to the eight classes of recipients. If
you fall into one of eight groups that, surely I will give you your share.! (Abu
Daud, on sanadnya Abdurrahman al-Ifriqi there. He is an opinion that is still a
dispute among scholars.) 33
Bibliography
·
Abdullah bin Abdil Baaz, 2008, Risalatani
fi Zakat ( Murajaah: Abu Ziyad), Riyadh: Maktabah Taawun.
·
'Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Ahmad
Ath Thoyar, Dr. 1415 H, Az Zakat wa
Tathbiqotuhaa Al Mu ' a shiroh , Beirut :Darul Wathon.
·
Abi Abdil Mu'thi Muhammad
an-Nawawy. Tt, Nihayatul Zaein, Surabaya: Dar al-ilmu.
·
Abu Malik Kamal bin As Sayid
Salim, tt, Shahih Fiqh Sunnah, Beirut: Al Maktabah At Taufiqiyah.
·
A.Djazuli, Fiqh Siyasah :
Implementasi Kemaslahatan Umat dalam Rambu-rambu Syariah, Jakarta :
Kencana.
·
DR. Yusuf
Kardawi, 2007 , Hukum Zakat,
cet.10 , Jakart a.
·
Ibnu Rusyd, 2006 , Bidayatul
Mujtahid , jilid I , Jakarta: Pustaka Azzam .
·
Imam Taqiyuddin bin Abi Bakr
Muhamad. Tt, Kifayatul Akhyar, Surabaya: Dar al-Ilmu.
·
Kamus Munjid fi Lugoh wa A'la., 2008, Beirut: Dar al
Masyriq.
·
Muhamad Ali Ash-Shobuni, 1981, Shofwah
at-Tafaasir, Bairut:Dar al-Qur ' a nul
Karim.
·
Muhammad bin Ahmad Al Anshori Al
Qurthubi ,tt , Tafsir Al Qurthubi , Beirut: Mawqi ' Ya ' s ub.
·
Mustafa Diibul Bigha, Dr. 1994, At-Tahzib
fi Adillati Matni al-Ghayah wa Taqrib ( Murajaah:H. Uthman Mahrus),
Semarang: CV. As Syifa ' .
·
Sayyid Sabiq, Fiqh Sunnah I,
200 8, Jakarta: Pena Pundi
Aksara .
·
Teungku Hasby ash-Sidiqy, 1996, Pedoman
Zakat, Semarang : PT Pustaka Rizki Putra.
·
Yusuf Qordhowi, Dr. 1996, Hukum
Zakat. Bandung: Mizan Amanah.
·
Http //Produktifitas dan
Pendayagunaan Harta Zakat.com
2 Imam Taqiyuddin
bin Abi Bakr Muhamad . Tt, Kifayatul Akhyar, Surabaya:
Dar al-Ilmu, Jilid I, Hal. 140
6 Muhamad Ali
Ash-Shobuni , 1981, Shofwah at-Tafaasir. Bairut:Dar
al-Qur ' a nul Karim. Jilid 1. Hal.53
7 Abdullah bin Abdil Baaz. 2008, Risalatani
fi Zakat ( Murajaah: Abu Ziyad), Riyadh: Maktabah Taawun. Thing. 1
8 Mustafa Diibul Bigha, Dr. 1994, At-Tahzib
fi Adillati Matni al-Ghayah wa Taqrib ( Murajaah:H. Uthman Mahrus),
Semarang: CV. As Syifa'. Thing. 380
12 Abu Malik Kamal
bin As Sayid Salim , T .t , Shahih Fiqh Sunnah, Beirut:
Al Maktabah At Taufiqiyah. Jilid 2/11-12
14 Muhammad bin Ahmad
Al Anshori Al Qurthubi, t . t, Tafsir Al Qurthubi ,
Beirut: Mawqi ' Ya ' s ub. Jilid 17/238
17 ' Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Ahmad Ath Thoyar, Dr. 1415 H. Az
Zakat wa Tathbiqotuhaa Al Mu ' a shiroh
, Beirut :Darul Wathon, Hal. 69-70
19 A. Djazuli, Fiqh Siyâsah : Implementasi
Kemaslahatan Umat dalam Rambu-rambu Syariah , (Jakarta : Kencana), hal. 218
33 Sayyid Sabiq, Fiqh
Sunnah I, Jakarta: Pena Pundi Aksara, 2008, h.561.
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